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''Regulamentul Organic'' (Romanian name, translated as ''Organic Statute'' or ''Organic Regulation''; (フランス語:Règlement Organique), Russian: Органический регламент, ''Organichesky reglament'')〔The name also has plural versions in all languages concerned, referring to the dual nature of the document; however, the singular version is usually preferred. The text was originally written in French, submitted to the approval of the State Council of Imperial Russia in Saint Petersburg, and then subject to debates in the Assemblies in Bucharest and Iaşi; the Romanian translation followed the adoption of the ''Regulament'' in its French-language version. (Djuvara, p. 323).〕〔Giurescu, p. 123.〕〔It is probable that the title was chosen over designation as "Constitution(s)" in order to avoid the revolutionary meaning implied by the latter (Hitchins, p. 203).〕 was a quasi-constitutional organic law enforced in 1834–1835 by the Imperial Russian authorities in Moldavia and Wallachia (the two Danubian Principalities that were to become the basis of the modern Romanian state). The document partially confirmed the traditional government (including rule by the ''hospodars'') and set up a common Russian protectorate which lasted until 1854. The ''Regulament'' itself remained in force until 1858. Conservative in its scope, it also engendered a period of unprecedented reforms which provided a setting for the Westernization of the local society. The ''Regulament'' offered the two Principalities their first common system of government. ==Background== The two principalities, owing tribute and progressively ceding political control to the Ottoman Empire since the Middle Ages,〔Djuvara, p. 24, 57.〕 had been subject to frequent Russian interventions as early as the Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711),〔Djuvara, p. 31, 76–7.〕 when a Russian army penetrated Moldavia and Emperor Peter the Great probably established links with the Wallachians.〔Djuvara, p. 31.〕 Eventually, the Ottomans enforced a tighter control on the region, effected under Phanariote ''hospodars'' (who were appointed directly by the Porte).〔Djuvara, pp. 41–58.〕 Ottoman rule over the region remained contested by competition from Russia, which, as an Eastern Orthodox empire with claim to a Byzantine heritage, exercised notable influence over locals.〔Djuvara, p. 284–5, 308.〕 At the same time, the Porte made several concessions to the rulers and boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia, as a means to ensure the preservation of its rule.〔Djuvara, p. 57, 92–3, 123.〕 The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed in 1774 between the Ottomans and Russians, gave Russia the right to intervene on behalf of Eastern Orthodox Ottoman subjects in general, a right which it used to sanction Ottoman interventions in the Principalities in particular.〔Djuvara, p. 81, 284.〕 Thus, Russia intervened to preserve reigns of ''hospodars'' who had lost Ottoman approval in the context of the Napoleonic Wars (the ''casus belli'' for the 1806–12 conflict),〔Djuvara, pp. 282–4.〕 and remained present in the Danubian states, vying for influence with the Austrian Empire, well into the 19th century and annexing Moldavia's Bessarabia in 1812.〔Djuvara, pp.133, 184–7, 281–304.〕 Despite the influx of Greeks, arriving in the Principalities as a new bureaucracy favored by the ''hospodars'', the traditional Estates of the realm (the ''Divan'') remained under the tight control of a number of high boyar families, who, while intermarrying with members of newly arrived communities, opposed reformist attempts — and successfully preserved their privileges by appealing against their competitors to both Istanbul and Saint Petersburg.〔Djuvara, pp. 69, 123–7.〕 In the last decades of the 18th century, the growing strategic importance of the region brought about the establishment of consulates representing European powers directly interested in observing local developments (Russia, the Austrian Empire, and France; later, British and Prussian ones were opened as well).〔Djuvara, pp. 81–82.〕〔Iorga, ''Histoire des relations. La Monarchie de juillet…''〕 An additional way for consuls to exercise particular policies was the awarding of a privileged status and protection to various individuals, who were known as ''sudiţi'' ("subjects", in the language of the time) of one or the other of the foreign powers.〔Djuvara, pp. 184–7.〕〔Giurescu, p. 288.〕〔 A seminal event occurred in 1821, when the rise of Greek nationalism in various parts of the Balkans in connection with the Greek War of Independence led to occupation of the two states by the Filiki Eteria, a Greek secret society who sought, and initially obtained, Russian approval. A mere takeover of the government in Moldavia, the Eterist expedition met a more complex situation in Wallachia, where a regency of high boyars attempted to have the anti-Ottoman Greek nationalists confirm both their rule and the rejection of Phanariote institutions. A compromise was achieved through their common support for Tudor Vladimirescu, an Oltenian ''pandur'' leader who had already instigated an anti-Phanariote rebellion (as one of the Russian ''sudiţi'', it was hoped that Vladimirescu could assure Russia that the revolt was not aimed against its influence). However, the eventual withdrawal of Russian support made Vladimirescu seek a new agreement with the Ottomans, leaving him to be executed by an alliance of Eterists and weary locals (alarmed by his new anti-boyar program); after the Ottomans invaded the region and crushed the Eteria, the boyars, still perceived as a third party, obtained from the Porte an end to the Phanariote system〔Djuvara, pp. 296–301.〕〔Giurescu, pp. 114–5.〕〔Hitchins, pp. 178–91.〕〔Iorga, ''Histoire des Roumains. Renaissance roumaine''.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Regulamentul Organic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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